Tax Return Position Paper free essay sample

Tax laws come from several sources and each source has a particular amount of rein over the laws conducted. Sources, such as the IRC, have a defined amount of say in the laws and the consequences. The way a law is interpreted and applied is also a very large part of tax law. Tax research is how tax laws are defined and followed for individual facts (Anderson, Pope Kramer 2010) Sources of Tax Law The primary and secondary sources of tax law are the Internal Revenue Code, United States Tax Court, United States district courts, Court of Federal Claims, federal ircuit courts, United States Supreme Court, Treasury Regulations, Internal Revenue Bulletin, Revenue rulings, Revenue Procedures, Notices, Announcements, Private Letter Rulings, Technical Advice Memoranda, BNA Tax management portfolios, and Law of Federal Income Taxation (Anderson, Pope Kramer 2010). The Internal Revenue Code, Title 26 of United States Code, was first created in 1939 and was redefined in 1954. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Return Position Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Changes made to the IRC replace old information so it is always currently defined what the laws are. This is the main source of tax law. Treasury Regulations are decisions made which can illustrate the IRC. There are proposed, temporary, and final regulations. Proposed regulations are proposed but not made final, temporary regulations are the process of making a proposal final, and have less authoritative weight, than final regulations which are the final regulation. If laws are undetermined by the IRC and the Treasury Department hearings go to court. U. S. Tax Court, U. S. Court of Federal Claims and U. S district courts are the choices of presenting litigation in which laws are interpreted into rulings and claims can etermine specific facts of the laws and regulations. The U. S. Supreme Court hears important tax claims presented after a loss in the other courts. The Internal Revenue Bulletin list rulings the IRS will use in future cases and ones it will not. Revenue Rulings and Revenue Procedures are listed in this bulletin. Announcements and notices are the posting of a tax act before it is determined proposed, temporary, or legislation (UWE, 2012). Substantial Authority Substantial Authority is when different treatment of the law or the consequence is applicable. The IRS makes rulings that are not as authoritative as Treasury Regulations and court cases. These IRS rulings do not have to be followed if there is substantial authority in one of the main sources of tax law such as the IRC, court cases and proposed, temporary, and final regulations. If found the individual is liable for the tax, there is no penalty, but there is retroactive interest involved (Tarlton Law, 2009). Interpretation and Application A tax law starts the legislation process in the House of Representatives. A proposal is formed into a bill that goes the House of Ways and Means Committee that y the full House of Representatives. After approval of the House of Representatives the bill goes to the Senate Finance Committee and if passed is voted on by the full Senate. Tax Return Position Paper free essay sample Position Tax law was established in order to govern tax transactions and events. The primary source of tax law is the internal revenue code, which was established in the year 1939, and has been revised multiple times since then. In addition to information regarding company income tax, employment tax, and other pertinent tax options. The legislative process is also a primary source of tax law, which is initiated in the House of Representatives, where new tax bills can be proposed. Once a proposed bill makes it to the House of Representatives, they can vote to decide whether or not to incorporate the proposed tax bill. Treasury regulations can help with the understanding of the application of internal revenue code provisions. As a secondary source of tax law, citations to treasury regulations are used in order to substantiate propositions and help locate underlying authority. Administrative pronouncements, such as revenue rulings and letter rulings, pertain to consequences issued in relation to tax transactions and tax practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax Return Position Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Judicial decisions, which are also significant in reference to tax law, involve decisions made by judges on tax related laws and their subsequent consequences. Substantial authority refers to the factor of whether or not a penalty will be applied in the event a taxpayer did not adhere to the guidelines of tax law. Normally, taxpayers would be subject to a penalty if they do not adhere to the tax law according to the internal revenue code, although if there is substantial authority, that penalty would not be incurred. The title of having substantial authority allows for the taxpayer to have special treatment in regards to the tax ruling in question. The courts, as well as the Internal Revenue Service play a major role in the application and interpretation of tax law. It is the duty of the court system to ensure that tax laws are properly applied in relation to litigation claims that may arise into legal matters. Decisions by the court can be exercised via a regular decision or a memorandum decision, both which hold the same authoritative power. The small cases procedure, however, does not hold the same authoritative power as a regular decision and a memorandum decision because the case is not heard by a judge. In the even a tax payer decides to use the small cases procedure, not only is the claim at a maximum of $50,000 for the year, but the case is not heard by a judge, and is instead heard by commissioners. The taxpayer is not required to have an attorney to represent them in order to have their case heard, and the decision is not published like that of a regular decision or a memorandum decision. Some decisions made by the court are able to be appealed. In the event that a taxpayer has requested an appeal, they would be able to do so where the case was originally claimed. IN order to be able to have a case heard by the U. S. Supreme Court, the case must have great importance. If a taxpayer is able to have their case heard in the U. S. Supreme Court, the decision of the court would overrule all other decisions that had been previously made by other courts in the taxpayers’ jurisdiction. The majority of tax court is nationally represented, and does not take into account the location of the place of the businesses involved, nor does it take into account the location of the place in which the residence of the taxpayers or any of the people that are involved in the case. Tax court serves as a uniform entity which provides fair and sound decisions based on the laws and regulations at hand.

Core Knowledge and Skills for Primary Mental Health Care Practice

Core Knowledge and Skills for Primary Mental Health Care Practice Free Online Research Papers Depression has been described as the common cold of mental health problems (Hotopf, 1996) and 90 % of depression is managed in primary care (Mann, 1992). The National Service Framework (NSF, DoH, 1999) identifies cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as a major component of primary mental health care services, as it has a strong effectiveness research tradition (Salkovskis, 2002). CBT is a short term, structured form of therapy that provides clients with a rationale for understanding their problems (Blackburn Davidson, 1990). CBT requires a sound therapeutic alliance; the therapist should demonstrate warmth, genuine regard and competence (Beck, 1995). It follows the premise that psychological problems arise as a direct consequence of faulty patterns of thinking and behaviour (Maphosa et al, 2000). In mild depression the person ruminates on negative themes and CBT examines the effects of people’s thoughts on how they feel and what they do (J. Williams, 1997). It is now com mon to draw out the central elements of CBT to offer a more condensed intervention (Teasdale, 1985). Self-help materials are usually given to clients as homework (Richards et al, 2003). Bower et al (2001) found that self-help techniques can have considerable impact on a broad range of mental health problems. Guided self-help should be considered for clients with mild depression. It is a collaborative form of psychotherapy; the client learns new skills of self-management that they can put into practice in their daily lives (DoH, 2003). The following analysis examines the role-play of a primary care graduate mental health worker (PCGMHW). These workers were part of a government plan to enhance mental health services in primary care (DoH, 2000). Throughout this analysis strengths and weaknesses of the therapist will be discussed and what improvements can be made to the demonstrated clinical skills. Introduction to the session The objective of assessment is to find out about the difficulties that are impacting upon a client’s life and to inform decisions of interventions to be offered, taking into consideration the client’s own perceptions of the nature and cause of the problems (Maphosa et al, 2000). The referral letter can lead preliminary decisions about the assessment; usually the information provided in the letter is quite restricted so an assessment is necessary to build on this (Maphosa et al, 2000). The initial meeting is a critical part of the session as this is when the therapeutic relationship begins (Newell, 1994). The therapist began the role-play by greeting the client and introducing herself and then ascertained by what name the client preferred to be known. She immediately gave an overview of the session, as small talk may prolong the client’s anxiety around divulging personal information to a stranger (Newell, 2000). She proceeded to explain her role though only briefly and did not explain comprehensively the nature of self-help and in what way she would act as a facilitator to these sessions; this is a crucial part of acquainting the client to the sessions, as the client may be unaware of why his referral was made and what is to be expected throughout the session. A therapist would want to remove uncertainty in this situation as it detracts the client’s attention away from the session ( Newell, 2000). Session length was clarified; this helps to reduce anxiety and to give the client the opportunity to prioritise the issues to be discussed (Newell, 2000). An agenda was touched on at the start, though the therapist ought to have outlined the procedures to be followed during the process and exactly why the information was needed and to what purpose it would be put. This helps motivate the client to cooperate and improves trust (Purtilo Haddad, 1996). Within primary care the number of sessions a client should expect is six, recent studies have illustrated that this had comparable outcomes to 12 sessions (Newman et al, 1997). However, this, and how often future sessions would be was not made clear to the client. In forthcoming sessions the therapist will incorporate this information, as Barkham et al. (1996) determined that improvements were more rapid when limits were placed on the number of sessions. An essential part of initiating the client to the session is establishing the rules around confidentiality. The client should feel that their privacy is respected but also understand that confidence needs to be broken if theirs or someone else’s safety is at risk (Davies, 1997). In this role-play the client was advised of issues in relation to confidentiality, he was made aware of when confidentiality may be broken and why notes were being taken and assured they would be kept locked away. Note taking should not interfere with the communication process (Munro et al, 1989). The therapist demonstrated good verbal interaction while note taking. Information Gathering and Questioning Style The body of the interview is aimed at attaining the objectives. In this role-play the therapist is interested in learning the causes of the client’s presenting depression and how it is affecting his daily routine. The interview is more than an information gathering process: it is the first stage of active management. This may be the first opportunity for a patient to tell his full story or to be taken seriously, and the experience should be cathartic in itself (Davies, 1997). Open questions are used at the beginning to get a general idea of the client’s difficulties at that time, these encourage clients to talk and to concentrate on the present situation and help establish a rapport (Davies, 1997). This was demonstrated when the therapist asked for the client’s view on how he sees life at the moment and if he thought the term depression â€Å"fits† with how he feels. Such questioning allows the client free rein to discuss issues of relevance to him. The therapist should proceed to specific open questions (Newell, 2000). These include the 4 Ws, the core essentials for a structured interview. These are questions used to identify ‘what’, ‘where’, ‘with whom’ and ‘when’ does the client notice his problems becoming worse or easier (Briddon et al, 2003). In this role-play they are not laid out in such an obvious, rote manner. For example, â€Å"do you have a good relationship with your manager?†, â€Å"how’s everything with your partner?† are used to identify if he is having any social or personal relationship difficulties. Questions relating to support networks give an understanding of how the patient organises his life and whether he has close confiding relationships. While knowledge of his occupation gives an insight into his life style, financial security and network of relationships. Lack of these has been found to be vulnerability factors for depre ssion (Brown Harris, 1978). In this situation the therapist asked about these issues to determine if anything else was impacting on the client’s depression. Throughout the role-play the therapist used the client’s answers to form the next question; this makes the session more interactive and not too formal. Clients with depression do not want to have to answer lists of questions but want an opportunity to talk comfortably, and the therapist needs a chance to listen carefully (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Sessions delivered within a cognitive behavioural framework aim to elicit the client’s difficulties in terms of the autonomic, behavioural and cognitive (ABC) aspects surrounding depression. At this stage the therapist incorporates closed questions. These are used to elicit specific information and form a checklist of symptoms often found in depression (Davies, 1997), such as poor appetite, sleep, concentration (France Robson, 1997). The effect these have on his work and home life and any other problems which may be contributing factors to the overall picture (France Robson, 1997). The triggers for depression vary, for some there will be a clear reason but for others the reasons are less clear (Briddon et al, 2003). During the role-play the therapist asks questions about â€Å"talk of redundancy at work†, this is done in a circuitous way, e.g., â€Å"so it’s problems at work, that feeling of stress, would that be right?†, rather than directly asking the client if he thinks this is the trigger. In future situations it would be preferable to do so as it would further integrate the client into the session. Garland et al (2002) highlight key questions to establish the presence of reduced and unhelpful activity. The therapist in this role-play asks, â€Å"is there anything†¦you’ve stopped doing?† â€Å"have you started doing anything†¦more than you would have before?† Asking such questions helps the client begin to identify his own vicious circle of depression (Garland et al, 2002). This process of starting with open questions, then asking specific open questions and then closed questions is described as ‘funnelling’ (Briddon et al, 2003). To get to the key thoughts that the client is having about his present situation the therapist introduces Socratic questioning, which is aimed at guided discovery (Padesky, 1993). The client mentions that he feels useless and a failure, the thera pist pursue this thought and asks, â€Å"if people did think you were a failure what would that mean for you?† In future sessions the therapist would examine these thoughts further with a view to helping the client challenge his negative thoughts, however, that was out of the scope of this role-play. At times the therapist was leading the client in his answers, e.g., â€Å"so it could be possible you’re feeding off everyone else’s fears?† rather than guiding him to his answers, she could be more mindful of the Socratic technique in further sessions. In this role-play the therapist asks about suicide and self-harm utilising a frank approach, while letting the client know that these thoughts are common. Dexter and Wash (1995) advocate considering all clients with depression as potentially suicidal. Such thoughts are common in people with mental health problems and can be frightening, sufferers are often relieved to find someone to share with and to learn that these thoughts are common (Davies, 1997). The therapist could have pursued this area further, although she asked the client if he felt he had a good support network, this does not necessarily mean that he had someone he felt he could confide in. Problem Formulation When the therapist was satisfied that the relevant areas had been covered she ‘recapped’ what she considered to be pertinent information. The aim of the interview is to pull together the idiosyncratic components of the problem, to identify problem triggers and the overall impact so that the therapist and client are able to consider the next steps (Maphosa et al, 2000). Giving the client a clear conceptualisation of their problem has been associated with beneficial clinical outcome (Power Brewin, 1997). At this point the therapist asked â€Å"do you think that’s everything, is there anything else that’s causing you stress?† and â€Å"do you think that fits with how you feel at the moment?† This allows the client to reflect on the information he has given the therapist and confirm whether the therapist has accurately captured it. Once formulated the effects of the client’s problems should be illustrated to the client using a simple experiment (France Robson, 1997). In this role-play the therapist introduced the client to the ABC model using a diagram (see appendix 1). The ABC model presents a visual representation of the meaning of emotion for both therapist and client and imparts a depiction of the client’s individual experience of emotion. It illustrates the ‘vicious circle’ of depression (Briddon et al, 2003). In the role-play the therapist explained to the client in what ways the different aspects impact on each other. This association crucially enhances the client’s self-esteem and removes a sense of exclusion (France Robson, 1997). The rationale of how depression comes about and how it can be treated can bring a feeling of control and hope (Blackburn Davidson, 1990). Explanations of psychological symptoms and problems likely to be useful to clients include explanation of feedback mechanisms between thoughts, emotions and behaviour (Cape et al, 2000). In the role-play the therapist also looks at the effects the environment has on the model, as something in the environment is quite often the trigger for depression. Decision Making Once the links between A, B and C had been established the therapist introduced possible service options as a way to break the cycle of depression. However, these were only briefly introduced, e.g., â€Å"a good place to start would be your behaviour†¦maybe phone a friend.† In future sessions the therapist will explain why behaviour is a good place to start, as a rationale for interventions enhances greater client involvement and understanding of their difficulties (Newell, 2000). One of the main reasons that therapists’ instructions are not followed is due to inadequate communication skills (Sanson-Fisher Maguire, 1980). Sleep hygiene, looking at negative thought patterns and problem solving were also offered as interventions. These are technical terms that could have been clarified further. Clear problems evolve from this; if the client cannot understand what is being explained to him important information may be missed (Purtilo Haddad, 1996). It also ex cludes the client from the collaborative process of his own therapy. Furthermore, the client may feel his situation is not being taken seriously (Cassell, 1982). The therapist can further confuse the client by jumping from one topic to the next and failing to summarise or to ask the client to do so (Purtilo Haddad, 1996). Anti-depressant medication had been discussed earlier in the session, further consideration was not given to this as an intervention as the client had decided not to pursue that option and NICE guidelines (2004) do not recommend anti-depressant medication for mild depression. While outlining the service options in future sessions, the therapist will give the client more time to consider each one as thinking processes are slowed and negatively biased in depression (Garland et al, 2002); and give the client an opportunity to feedback on each option. In the role-play the client was given a copy of the ABC-E model and the different service options available, this augments what has been discussed in the session, as it is unlikely that the client will have retained in detail what had been discussed (Garland et al, 2002). At the end of the session the therapist gave the client self-help booklets on sleep problems and information on depression, it was not within the scope of the role-play to discuss these booklets in detail, however, information in this format helps the client focus on issues discussed in session and areas of his life that he would like to prioritise. Use of self-help materials is helpful in enhancing suggestions for change (Kupshik Fisher, 1999). Interpersonal Skills Rogers (1967) posited that the fundamental therapist manner of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard are both necessary and sufficient for implementing therapeutic change in clients. Empathy signifies to the client that the therapist has understood the feeling the client is experiencing. Balint (1969) described patient-centred medicine as â€Å"understanding the patient as a unique human being†. Concepts such as ‘user involvement’ and ‘patient empowerment’ became active in health policy during the late 1980s and 1990s (e.g., NHS Executive, 1996). Patients are considered to be active ‘consumers’ who have the right to a certain standard of treatment with access to information and should be actively involved in their treatment (Mead Bower, 2000). In patient-centred care developing a therapeutic alliance is a prerequisite instead of an ’extra’ and enhances the sense of partnership and increases client perce ption of the relevance or potency of an intervention (Mead Bower, 2000). Throughout the role-play the therapist makes reference to therapist and client collaboration when identifying the different service options available, she continually emphasised that the options would be something worked on together. Engaging in a positive therapeutic relationship allows the client to feel free to discuss emotional problems; an association of positive therapeutic relationship with clinical outcome is one of the most robust findings in psychological treatment research (Horvath Luborsky, 1993). Interpersonal skills are a crucial way of building on the therapeutic relationship. Therapist factors are active listening, empathy and a genuine concern for the client (Horvath Luborsky, 1993). There are a number of ways of doing this. Reinforcement throughout the session is a beneficial way of ensuring relevant information. The therapist used such remarks as ‘yes’, and minimal prompts, e.g., head nods; this lets the client know that a particular piece of information is important (Burnard, 1999) and that the therapist is listening (Krasner, 1958). Reflection is a useful way of prompting the client for more information. The therapist used this process of repeating back the last few words or phrase that the client had used. Such remarks should be highlighted straight away and not kept for later on in the session as they may have lost their relevance (Burnard, 1999). The therapist maintained good eye contact throughout the session. Eye contact has a role in regul ating and controlling the course of communication and is an important signal for turn taking in conversation. It is also a further way of indicating that the therapist is listening (D. Williams, 1997). Structure to interviewing style is intended as a guideline, it can be confusing for a client if they cannot continue on a certain topic but are asked about a number of topics (Dillon, 1990). During this role-play the therapist got side tracked on occasions, e.g., she asked about his work situation and sleep at different points in the session instead of following through at the time these problems were mentioned. Throughout the interview process the therapist should ask for feedback from the client; it shows respect for the client in addition to making sure the therapist has all the relevant information, client understanding and reinforces the therapeutic relationship (Newell, 2000). Interviewing clients involves asking about feelings, thoughts, beliefs and behaviour, and relating the responses to the difficulties (Maphosa et al, 2000). These are quite complex issues and the therapist should ensure she has an idea of timings for each section so that some points aren’t discu ssed in a rushed manner, in this role-play the client didn’t leave enough time to discuss the service options, this is something to consider for subsequent sessions. It is also important to highlight to the client that the way he is feeling is quite common, to remove feelings of isolation. The therapist utilised this approach throughout the session. Information gathering should represent sufficiency and necessity. There should be sufficient information to glean necessary information from the client to ensure relevant client details are collected in terms of maintenance of their difficulties if interventions are to be successful (Newell, 2000). In the role-play the therapist was able to elicit key factors surrounding the client’s depression, such as stress at work. However, she lost sight of the structure at times, and although structure is used as a general guide, problems could arise if key ideas aren’t followed through, leading to inaccurate information and, therefore, inaccurate interventions. Awareness of using leading questions will also be something to take on board in the future, no one knows the client’s problems better than the client and the therapist doesn’t want to speak for the client, as this would not be beneficial for either the client or therapist. The importance of not using tec hnical language can’t be emphasised enough, this can seriously hamper the therapeutic relationship and the client may disengage from the process. The relationship between the autonomic, behavioural and cognitive aspects of depression was illustrated well. It is essential that clients understand the maintaining factors of depression or they will not appreciate how the vicious circle of depression can be broken. In future sessions the therapist could go into more detail of how depression is maintained as it is very common for client’s to misinterpret situations in ways that undermine their coping, as summarised by Epictetus, â€Å"Men are disturbed not by things, but the views they take of them† (Enright, 1997)}. 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Where an employee can reasonably expect to have privacy in the Research Paper

Where an employee can reasonably expect to have privacy in the workplace - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that technology has played a very important role especially in the world of business. Many business companies are applying different forms of technology with the aim of enhancing daily operations. This has somehow resulted in a lot of competition in the world of business. Electronic surveillance is one of the fields of technology that has been used by businesses in the world. This state of the art technology has been used with the aim of enhancing security in the different business setting. Electronic surveillance has also been a system which has reduced the threat that has been posed by terrorism in the past few years. Businesses have experienced a lot of achievements and this can be related to the aspect of applying electronic surveillance in the business world. However, there have been some controversial issues in regard to electronic surveillance of employees in the business setting. There are a variety of ethical considerations that sh ould be made before adopting and fully implementing the art of electronic surveillance for employees in any business setting. As much as electronic surveillance has been embraced in the world of business, there are some important considerations that should be made on the part of the employee. Some researchers view the art of electronic surveillance as an intrusion to privacy because there are some cases in which employees require privacy in the workplace. Privacy is an important aspect of good human relations.... Explain whether it makes a difference if an employee is in an open area or in an enclosed office. There is a difference between the locations in which an employee is found within the business setting. Employees have two kinds of settings in the work place. One of the locations is the open area. This is a location where employees can freely communicate and it is subdivided by desks for every employee. Electronic surveillance cameras are fixed in most open areas. The other kind of setting is the enclosed offices within the businesses. Most of these are reserved for the managers and other members of higher management. Questions have been raised as to whether there is a difference between the open areas and the enclosed offices. As much as there is a difference, the enclosed offices should be fixed with surveillance cameras as well (Slobogin 2007). The main reason to this is that it would prevent situations where employees are manipulated by top managers within the businesses. The enclos ed offices should be treated just as the open area. As much as it is important to monitor employees at the lower level of management, it is also important to monitor employees at the higher management level of the organization. Most businesses are biased in that electronic surveillance is made for employees at the lower management level and not those at the higher management level. 3. Explain if Herman’s need to know whether his salespersons are honest is a sufficient ground for utilizing electronic surveillance. A business may prosper or fail and this may be as a result of the character exhibited by employees. Dishonesty is one of the ill characters that lead to the failure

The Human Experience and Communication in Movie Assignment - 1

The Human Experience and Communication in Movie - Assignment Example b) Relational needs; the younger brother expresses dissatisfaction about his relationship with the father and reveals that they have not talked for the last ten years. They later meet in an intensely emotional scene at the end of the film after the older brother arranges for a meeting with the father. c) Identity; to find a personal identity, the brothers try to relate with the less fortunate like the lost children in Peru and the lepers in Ghana. They try to find their purpose in life by helping the less fortunate stigmatized groups of people 2 a) Self-awareness; the journey makes the brothers more aware of themselves when they find out the privileges they have in life. They also find their main purpose in life is to be of use to others by helping them for example by helping the AIDS victims in Ghana and hospitalizing the abandoned disabled children in Peru. b)Adaptability; the brothers learn to adapt to different situations, places and to different people they come across. They have to adapt to the situation in New Yorks cold streets by asking for food and building a cardboard shelter. They adapt to the situation of the lepers in Ghana and the homeless in Peru c) Empathy; throughout the film the brothers show empathy to people in different kinds of situations, they empathize with the homeless in the streets of New York by putting themselves in their shoes, then with the abandoned disabled children in Peru who they take to clinic for treatment and with the AIDS victims and lepers in Ghana. d) A person’s cognitive complexity is their ability to analyze a situation from different angles. The brothers analyze life from different perspectives from the problems in the first world in New York and Peru and the third world problems in Africa. They also explore interpersonal relationship  problems between father and son and try to solve all these problems e) Ethics; the brothers are improving their social ethics by practicing their social responsibility towards the society. They have decided to abandon an attitude of apathy and chosen to be concerned with what is going on in the society around them.

Huxley, Plato Comparison on Education Essay Example for Free

Huxley, Plato Comparison on Education Essay In Plato’s Republic, Plato believed the state was responsible for the education of its citizens for the purpose of their individual enlightenment. Huxley, in his work Brave New World takes this part of Plato’s utopian society and perverts it in order to indoctrinate the citizens of his state. I will attempt to argue that Huxley uses education by the state to indoctrinate its citizens and ultimately undermine Plato’s theory on education by the state for individual enlightenment. The ways in which Huxley uses education to indoctrinate the individual are diverse. Music or rather hypnopaedic sound was used to indoctrinate the citizens while they slept (Kindle, Huxley, loc 385). Eugenics but more precisely the Bokanovsky Process is used along side with Podsnap’s Technique to create the individual. These processes combined allowed the state to alter embryos and make people into whatever the state desired (Kindle, Huxley, loc 84). The use of music to educate the youth was something Plato originally stated in his utopian society. He stresses that when people are young they are more susceptible to influence (Kindle, Plato, loc 8578). Huxley’s state does this as well and plays hypnopaedic sound (music) while the young are sleeping over and over again to indoctrinate them, and slowly alter their thoughts or make them remember certain things. The uses of hypnopaedic sound vary by tones and tongue but are ultimately used to create â€Å"social stability† which is another way of saying â€Å"control of the populace†. Hypnopaedic sound is used to make the citizens never try to fix anything or use old things, but buy new ones instead. One of the sounds for this type of indoctrination is â€Å"ending is better than mending, ending is better than mending† (Kindle, Huxley, loc 1328). This process of convincing people they need to buy things is a way of gaining contentment and satisfaction as well as benefitting the state by creating a consumer society. The saying or sound â€Å"every one belongs to every one else† is also used to create a society where everyone has sex with each other and there are no relationships. The sex is not for procreation but for entertainment seeing as the state creates the individual and regulates childbirth. Plato also favored this sharing in his Utopia but only for his guardian class of citizens. Huxley applied this to his whole society but the sharing is only in-between classes never outside of classes. Another sound to further indoctrinate is â€Å"Every one works for every one else. We can’t do without any one. Even epsilons are useful. We couldn’t do without Epsilons. Every one works for every one else. We cant do without any one†(Kindle, Huxley loc 951). This is a type of farce, seeing as not all the citizens of Huxley’s world perform the same tasks or duties. Hypnopaedic sound is also used to convince people to take soma (Kindle, Huxley loc 2699). â€Å"A gramme in time saves nine† and â€Å"One cubic centimeter cures ten gloomy sentiments† are some of the hypnopaedic sounds used (Kindle, Huxley loc 1140). The drug soma was developed when the government of Huxley’s society took over the pharmaceutical industry. Soma has no side effects except providing an escape for people away from their problems, anxieties or feelings (Kindle, Huxley, loc 1328). This is really another means of control and also perversion by Huxley, which is compounded by hypnopaedic sound. The sound â€Å"everybody’s happy now† is used to make people believe they are happy and if you believe you are happy, you are happy (Kindle, Huxley, loc 968). This form of perverted education by Huxley is how the state indoctrinates the individual but this is just a part of it. Huxley’s world state employs the method of the Bokanovsky’s Process to create or rather grow its citizens some thousands at a time (Kindle, Huxley, loc 84). This process combined with the Podsnap’s Technique allows the state to mold and create the individual into whatever the state dictates by using eugenics. Plato favored a process of eugenics also as a means to breed out imperfection. Huxley took this process to creation itself instead of modification through generations (Kindle, Plato, 1252). This is Huxley’s way of specialization, which Plato also talks about in his utopian educational system as a necessary way for the state to function (Kindle, Plato loc 4953). Huxley perverts this and takes it a step further and does not give the individual a choice in what their life may be. Citizens are grown in tubes and altered by means of chemicals, additives, and even gravitational forces (Kindle, Huxley, loc 170). By these alterations people cannot think or do outside of what their task or assigned job is by the states indoctrination. The citizen can only do what it is made to do by this process and cannot question it’s purpose. In Huxley’s world state everyone regardless of their class is completely content being what they are and nothing else. This is again because they cannot think outside of what they have been made and told to be by hypnopaedic sound and state modification. (Kindle, Huxley, loc 959). Huxley’s education by means of hypnopaedic sound and eugenics indoctrinates the citizens of his world state. This indoctrination keeps the people from questioning authority and the status quo and ultimately makes them slaves to Huxley’s world state. Huxley does a fine job in Brave New World of showing what can be possible after a great tragedy occurs and the people need someone to save them. This tragedy would then lead to drastic changes in the way people live and ultimately lead to a whole brave new world. Huxley’s Brave New World does not seem possible in the actual world. Brave New World is more of a cautionary tale of what if and the totalitarian state. The real world is to globalized now and states are interdependent upon one another but hey what if?

Malaria : Treatment and Prevention Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical

Malaria: Treatment and Prevention Malaria treatment is different for different patients. For severe cases, patients get blood transfusions. Others get various drugs to help get rid of the parasite. Many of these drugs are also used for prevention. Mosquito eradication and nets are also ways of preventing malaria. Unfortunately, there are many difficulties with creating malaria vaccines, so they are currently still under development. Every 30 seconds, at least one person dies of malaria. About 350-500 million people are infected with malaria each year, and about 1.3-3 million of these result in death. In the next 20 years, the death rate is expected to double (â€Å"Malaria,† 2006). Of course, we need to try to prevent this from happening. There are many ways of treating and preventing malaria. Malaria cases in South Africa, 1971-2003 (â€Å"Malaria,† 1996) Treatment for each malaria patient depends on the specific parasite causing the infection, the severity of the infection, the health condition of the patient, and medication resistance of the parasite. If the parasite has infected more than 5% of blood cells, the patient experiences severe confusion, or lung or complications, exchange blood transfusion is sometimes used to treat the malaria. This procedure is when donor blood is injected while patient blood is being withdrawn. This is the quickest way to remove the parasite from the blood. The drug Chloroquine was used for many years to treat malaria, but the most dangerous type of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, developed resistance to this drug, making it more or less useless. There are at least ten other anti-malarial drugs used to treat malaria today. Extracts of the plant Artemisia annua are very effective, but there is not eno... ... List of References (1996, October). Department of Health. Retrieved July 28, 2006, from Malaria Web site: http://www.doh.gov.za/issues/malaria.html (2004, May 5). Malaria. Retrieved July 17, 2006, from Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern Web site: http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Malaria.htm (2005, June 17). Malaria. Retrieved July 26, 2006, from WebMD Web site: http://www.webmd.com/hw/lab_tests/hw119259.asp Flynn, E., Shamos, S., & Vogel, L. Stanford University. Retrieved July 23, 2006, from Malaria Web site: http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2003/Malaria/malariahp.htm Malaria. (2006). In Wikipedia [Web]. Retrieved July 14, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria Malaria & Malaria Vaccines. Retrieved July 24, 2006, from Malaria Vaccine Initiative Web site: http://www.malariavaccine.org/malaria-and-vaccines.htm

Example of informative speech outline Essay

I. Introduction A. Attention Getter:Today, just about everyone depends on information and communication to keep their lives moving through daily activities like work, education, health care, leisure activities, entertainment, travelling, personal relationships, and the other stuff with which we are involved. So what? We need to be aware that the values we hold, the beliefs we harbour and the decisions we make are based on our assumptions, our experiences, our education and what we know for a fact. We rely on mass media for the current news and facts about what is important and what we should be aware of. B. Reason to Listen:Media Effects and Society provides an in-depth look at media effects and is one of the most unresolved issues in our society, and it is necessary to be knowledgeable to its effect. C. Thesis Statement:Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. D. Credibility Statement:1. I have been seen the related issues of mass media in the news. 2. I have read and studied about the effects of mass media in a related book news paper and, and have done research on the Internet. E. Preview of Main Points:1. First, I will discuss the influence of social media in the society. 2. Finally, I will discuss the effects of social media and the impact to the society and to the individual. II. Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. A. Social Media is one of the most influential issues in the society. 1. There are three basic functions of mass media. a. Providing news and information b. Entertainment c. Education 2. How media influence us a. According to Victoria Sherrow, in her book Violence the question of cause and effect and the Media: There are positive and negative influences of mass media, which we must understand as a responsible person of a society. b. New and influential media-distribution channels have appeared in the 21st century. Delivered via the World Wide Web across the Internet, we are influenced daily by blogs, wikis, social networks, virtual worlds and myriad forms of content sharing. c. Radio and then television were very influential. As the 20th century closed, TV exposed us to untold numbers of images of advertising and marketing, suffering and relief, sexuality and violence, celebrity, and much more. Transition: Now that I have discussed the influence of social media, I will now discuss the effects of social media and the impact to the society and to the individual. B. The impact of Media on the society 1. Social impact a. Couldry states that â€Å"Mass media generally are considered a prime candidate given the on-line profusion of information and entertainment services. This article compares the daily mass media habits of heavy, light, and nonusers of personal computers and on-line services based on 1994 and 1995 national surveys conducted by the Times-Mirror Center for the People and the Press.† b. On a social level, media has its greatest impact. Viewpoints have been shaped due to the representation of different cultures, races, genders, religions, and sexual orientations. c. Graham noted that social media usage by teens and younger kids sparks a greater fear for some in society. d. Social media has made it possible for like minded individuals to discuss important topics, widen their personal knowledge and discover things they never knew before. 2. Political impact a. The rise of a â€Å"networked information economy† (Benkler, 2006) has revolutionized the media political economy. b. As the Internet plays a larger role in governance, campaigns and activism, the debate continues about how social and digital media are changing politics. c. Social media therefore introduce new informational capabilities for producing, recording and spreading information through networks (Norris, 2002). III. Conclusion A. Review Main Points: 1. Today I discussed the influence of social media in the society. 2. Finally, I discussed the effects of social media and the impact to the society and to the individual. B. Research thesis:Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. C. Closure:In conclusion, social media has politically and socially made an impact to our society. Each individual have there negative and positive effects; thus we must knowledgeably know the basic elements and it’s fundamentals to avoid violence. References Sherr, V. (2005).Violence the question of cause and effect anAlcoholics Anonymous Meeting Experiencd the Media. Article Kohut, A. (2007). Social Impact Research Personal Computer, Man Made, Use of Time Journal, 243-248 Couldry, N. (2000).Media, Society World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. uPublish.com Graham, R. (2014). Social Media Causing a Distancing Phenomena To Take Place. New York, New York: Reader’s Digest. http://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/citizen-action/research-internet-effects-politics-key-studies#sthash.nuKv68tq.dpuf